A REWARD AWAITS
You will win 1000 US dollars if you can come up with an argument that invalidates this theory of gravity as falling space, either completely or a major part of it. For example, you may find an inconsistency or a claim that contradicts an experimental result.
The reward will be paid to the first person with a valid argument. If you doubt this, let me tell you something about myself. I am 61 years old, I publish four magazines, and I am quite well known in Finland. My reputation would not allow me to break my promise.
NEWTONIAN GRAVITY
The great physicist Isaac Newton created a mathematical model of gravity, and it is still in use. The basic idea is that masses attract each other, and there must be a force between them.
What kind of a mechanism is needed to make that possible? We need interaction between all the atoms in the universe, each atom being in connection with all the other atoms, all the time and immediately, at the speed of a thought.
If we understand this we know that the model cannot have anything to do with reality. So, a better explanation was needed.
EINSTEINIAN GRAVITY
Curvature of space was a brilliant idea. Gravity is not an attraction between masses. Objects in space are in free-fall, and there is no force acting on them. Falling in gravity field is relative acceleration, not real. Objects are moving straight ahead with constant speeds. It is space, that is not "straight".
But there are problems, too. When we drop a coin, is it falling because time passes differently on it's upper and bottom sides? We ought to believe this if we believe Einstein's explanation for curvature of space. And the biggest question is the reason for curvature. Einsteinian gravity needs an interaction mechanism between gravitational mass and space around it. We still need something that can have an influence at the speed of a thought.
Einsteinian gravity is a part of modern physics, but something important seems to be missing. It cannot describe the reality.
Explaining the gravity seems impossible, but there has to be a solution. The transmission mechanism is the biggest problem. If you could find one, it would contradict other known laws of physics. No transmission mechanism can exist.
There is a possible explanation for gravity, but it is the only one.
Objects in gravity field are not really falling, and there is no force acting on them. Only possible explanation is, that space itself is falling. It falls into a gravitational mass, more specific into a proton of an atom. Objects only seem to be falling, but their acceleration is relative, not real. The falling of space is the reason for the curving of space. Objects are moving straight ahead with constant speeds.
GRAVITY AS FALLING SPACE MATHEMATICALLY
The falling of space can be mathematically described as a contracting ball. The following correlation exists:
aA = constant,
in which A is the surface area of the ball at any distance from a gravitational mass, and a is the acceleration of falling space (gravity) at that distance. Each celestial body has its own aA constant. The Earth's aA constant is 5,015 x 1015 m3 / s2. The mass (M) of the Earth in kilograms is obtained from it using the equation
M = aA / 4πG
From it, it is also possible to obtain
a = GM / r2
i.e. The acceleration of falling space (gravity) is inversely proportional to the square of distance.
The falling of space is a property of an atom. It has nothing to do with so called aether. Aether means an absolutely still background, that you can compare the motions of celestial bodies to. Falling space is not matter and doesn't behave like it, instead space at the same point in space could fall unimpeded in several different directions.
TIME AND SPACE
Time is absolute, and in free fall every atomic clock of the universe shows the time compatibly. Acceleration affects the function of the atomic clock, and that has been measured in centrifuge. Free fall is the basic state without any acceleration.
Red and blue shifts, caused by the movement of an object or by gravity, always signify a change in the speed of light.
Read more about time and space
TIDAL FORCE
When objecs are in free fall, there is no force acting on them. But when there is a deviation from free fall motion, there must be a force to cause it. That kind of force exists, and I call it tidal force (old term, but now in a new wider context). Thus, there are two separate factors in celestial mechanics: gravity (non-force) and tidal force. On Earth tidal force can be seen as tides. The Earth should orbit the Sun at a steady speed, but the effect of the Moon prevents this. There is a deviation from free fall motion. The deviation is greatest twice a month, when the Earth, the Moon, and the Sun are approximately lined up. Then the tides are strongest, too.
In celestial mechanics, tidal force appears in many different ways. A planetary system is not a perfect perpetual motion machine, but slowly loses its energy. The loss takes place in the tidal force and is discernible as perihelial precession.
The tidal force is a deviation from free-fall motion. When we stand on the surface of the Earth, the tidal force acts on us.
GRAVITY AND THE ATOM
Space falls to the atom. Gravity and the atom are two sides of a same thing, and one could not exist without another. But you cannot fit this in any existing atom model.
The proton in the nucleus of the atom is where the falling ends. It is a black hole, and falling space near it is wound into a spiral. This wound part I call an electron field (a new term). An electron field is the same as an electron.
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
As the properties of electricity and magnetism are known in practice, the new model of the atom permits precise definitions of them.
Magnetism is an electron field's state of equilibrium or the moment at which the field passes the state of equilibrium.
The state of equilibrium of the electron field refers to its normal state, the magnetic state. The electron field is a spiral around the proton, but it cannot remain the same at a solid angle of 360 degrees. The spiral must become a vortex at the "polar regions". This creates magnetism with its poles, and all proton magnets in the universe have the same direction of rotation. The opposite direction of rotation would signify antimatter.
Electricity is an electron field's deviation from its state of equilibrium.
If vibratory motion is induced in the field, energy is released as electromagnetic radiation (spectrum). The electrical and magnetic states of the electron field then alternate. The various wavelengths of the radiation are caused by the spiral structure of the electron field.
ATOMS HEAVIER THAN HYDROGEN
If there are several protons in the nucleus, they all have electron fields of their own. Those fields do not disturb each other in any way, because space at the same point in space can fall unimpeded in several different directions.
ELECTRIC CHARGE
The theory leads to surprising conclusions, which however do not contradict any experimental result. When an atom is in its normal, magnetic state, its parts have no electric charge at all! And another: Electrical attraction occurs only between a proton and an electron. Two protons or two electrons do not repel each other.
When an atom is at an electrical state, its nucleus forms a single unified charge, the amount of which depends on the number of protons.
Since gravity and the atom are two sides of the same thing, and one cannot exist without another, this leads to following: Free protons or free electrons do not exist.
ELECTRIC CURRENT
An electric current has been explained as a movement of so-called free electrons. That explanation is impossible. What happens in a conductor in which there is a charge? How does it differ from a conductor in which there is no charge? Any theory is incorrect if it cannot answer this basic question.
A spherical atom gets elongated, when it is charged. There is a voltage between its ends. In a charged conductor the shape of the atoms becomes such. If a current is switched on, a chain reaction occurs in the conductor in the direction of the consecutive atoms. The electron field detaches from the nucleus of an atom and captures the nucleus of the next atom, which simultaneously loses its own electron field to the next atom, and so on. This happens because the atoms tend to return to a state of equilibrium. The chain reaction proceeds at nearly the speed of light, not only in a conductor, but also, for instance, in lightning.
Is there any upper limit to the elongation of an atom? No, there is not. In particle accelerators and in the electric discharges of stars they get infinitely elongated.
RADIOACTIVITY
When the nuclei fuse into heavier nuclei in the temperature and pressure of stars, the nuclei in fusion must have an enormous velocity. That speed cannot disappear anywhere, its nature only changes. The former velocity becomes the orbiting speed inside the new larger nucleus. The speed will be the larger, the heavier element is involved.
We know that the half-life of radioactive material cannot be affected by any chemical or physical means. And the internal speeds in nucleus are exactly what those means cannot affect. But heavy nuclei are not perfect “perpetuum mobiles”. For some reason they eventually leak their energy and begin decaying.
The explanation is emergence of latent kinetic energy.
DARK MATTER
Aether does not exist. As said before, aether means an absolutely still background, that you can compare the motions of celestial bodies to. This applies to rotation, too.
In some galaxies, star revolution speeds have been observed that seem contrary to the laws of gravity. The outermost stars may remain stationary relative to the galactic centre, or revolve in the wrong direction. No rational explanation has been found, so people have started to look for dark matter in space. That would be matter invisible to measuring equipment. It does not mean black holes but a widely dispersed mass outside of galaxies. However, those controversial observations have a simple explanation, and dark matter is not needed. We must recall the MM experiment a century ago that proved the inexistence of aether. What could we compare the galaxy revolution speed to, if not the aether! If we set our equipment to rotate at a suitable speed, we can see that all the stars in the observed galaxy revolve in the same direction and at speeds conforming to the laws of gravity.
EXPEDITION
Let us make a voyage into four-dimensional space (falling space is the fourth dimension). We can understand space better if we can see from a correct perspective, and the correct perspective is the basic state where we experience no force acting on us.
You are floating somewhere in space. But then in the vicinity you see a point that starts to enlarge. You identify it as a planet that seems to approach you with increasing speed. You can only wait and fear for the worst. But the planet does not hit you after all, it passes close by. And a strange thing happens: in passing, it changes its direction. You stay still all the time, and not even a hair moves on your head. If you had been sleeping, you would know nothing about it.
Now we change the scenario: two planets approach you from separate directions. Luckily they miss you again, although they both go pretty close. Will you float serenely again? Not this time. You get into quite a turmoil, and that is because of tidal force.
As you float in space, you can move almost at the speed of light, comparing to something other, or stay still - it will not affect your state, and you are not aware of it.
Thank you
Henry Haapalainen
You can send your comments to kirppu@kolumbus.fi